{"id":1260,"date":"2023-02-13T16:19:16","date_gmt":"2023-02-13T16:19:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/"},"modified":"2023-02-13T16:19:16","modified_gmt":"2023-02-13T16:19:16","slug":"fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/","title":{"rendered":"FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence"},"content":{"rendered":"\nThere are two main options for companies to serve foreign markets; exports and foreign direct investment (FDI). Based on the Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple (2004) model for two host countries this paper derives a clear theoretical prediction for the decision between both strategies. A bivariate probit model is estimated using AMADEUS database to analyse the probability of using one or the other strategy. The empirical evidence indicates that a considerable number of companies use a combination of both strategies to serve foreign markets, which is in line with the analyzed three country model.\n\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","jelcode":[284,257,173],"keyword":[457,96,130,456],"class_list":["post-1260","publication","type-publication","status-publish","hentry","jelcode-c35","jelcode-d21","jelcode-f12","keyword-bivariate-probit-estimation","keyword-exports","keyword-foreign-direct-investment","keyword-three-nations-model"],"acf":{"year":2008,"month":1,"day":"","volume":"","number":"012","pages":29,"reviewed":"0","citeid":"FIW_WP_012","fiwseries":"FIW Working Papers","event":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence - FIW<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence - FIW\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There are two main options for companies to serve foreign markets; exports and foreign direct investment (FDI). Based on the Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple (2004) model for two host countries this paper derives a clear theoretical prediction for the decision between both strategies. A bivariate probit model is estimated using AMADEUS database to analyse the [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"FIW\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/wifo_fiw_logo_short_rgb.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"843\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"293\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CentreFiw\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/\",\"name\":\"FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence - FIW\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-02-13T16:19:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-02-13T16:19:16+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Publications\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/\",\"name\":\"FIW\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"FIW\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/wifo_fiw_logo_kugel_rgb.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/wifo_fiw_logo_kugel_rgb.png\",\"width\":843,\"height\":843,\"caption\":\"FIW\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/x.com\/CentreFiw\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence - FIW","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence - FIW","og_description":"There are two main options for companies to serve foreign markets; exports and foreign direct investment (FDI). Based on the Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple (2004) model for two host countries this paper derives a clear theoretical prediction for the decision between both strategies. A bivariate probit model is estimated using AMADEUS database to analyse the [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/","og_site_name":"FIW","og_image":[{"width":843,"height":293,"url":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/wifo_fiw_logo_short_rgb.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@CentreFiw","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/","url":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/","name":"FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence - FIW","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-02-13T16:19:16+00:00","dateModified":"2023-02-13T16:19:16+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/fdi-versus-exports-substitutes-or-complements-a-three-nations-model-and-empirical-evidence\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Publications","item":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/publications\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"FDI versus Exports Substitutes or Complements? A Three Nations Model and Empirical Evidence"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/","name":"FIW","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#organization","name":"FIW","url":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/wifo_fiw_logo_kugel_rgb.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/wifo_fiw_logo_kugel_rgb.png","width":843,"height":843,"caption":"FIW"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/CentreFiw"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication\/1260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/publication"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/publication"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"jelcode","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/jelcode?post=1260"},{"taxonomy":"keyword","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fiw.ac.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/keyword?post=1260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}